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BUT GLASS CEILING REMAINS To become BROKEN
GENEVA, 18 November (UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)) --
E-commerce is a potential gold mine for ladies in developing countries, but to seize those opportunities, women will first have to overcome obstacles of education, infrastructure and finance,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], says a brand new UNCTAD report, released today. And while they're already making use of the growing demand for outsourcing in services,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], they have a tendency to become clustered at the cheap from the skills and salary spectrum and risk being left out by new technologies when they, as well as their governments, do not prepare now.
Self-employed women within the third world, be they microentrepreneurs or women working from home, are increasingly embracing e-commerce and also the Internet as a way to earn income and save time and charges while also meeting their family responsibilities. The growing business-to-consumer (B2C) or retail sector within their countries offers many possibilities for small businesses with access to information technologies (IT). Such businesses have the benefit of low capital and skills requirements, and several of them are owned by women. Success stories are to be available on every continent. In India,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], an e-marketplace called IndiaShop has eliminated middlemen in the selling of saris. A nationwide housewives network in Peru, Tortasperu, which bakes confectioneries and sells them over the Internet, has generated lucrative work with women taking care of children in your own home whilst providing the country with much-needed foreign exchange. Ethiopia has opened an online gift shop that sells traditional costumes, food and spices made by women. And handmade products produced by women artisans in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia can be purchased via a virtual shop called Elsouk. Such opportunities are really important for ladies in Asia, where IT-enabled or remote services business process outsourcing of former back-office operations -- have become exponentially, and where women head 35% of small , medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
But this kind of e-commerce is limited to particular areas, dictated usually by a rustic infrastructure and trading strength. Commodities like garments and handicrafts cannot be delivered online, and use of the Internet is limited to advertising,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], ordering and possibly collecting payments, which may be difficult in developing countries that have not yet developed or accepted secure online payments technology. Some women have thus found a market niche within the buying or selling of knowledge instead of tangible goods. At Grameen Phone in Bangladesh, women buy cellphones and supply mobile payphone services in their
shops or local markets; freelance women journalists in India and Malaysia deliver their services online.
More promising opportunities for ladies lie in the business-to-business (B2B) segment of e-commerce, the report finds. The ability to transfer digitized data online, assuming adequate infrastructure and bandwidth, is leading companies in developed and developing countries alike to outsource some business operations to distant and usually cheaper locations. Developing countries that can provide a cheap, skilled computer- and English-literate workforce would be the most targeted sites and that workforce is predominantly female.
The global expansion of software and IT-enabled services has broadened job prospects for ladies. Women in some Asian and Latin American countries hold more than 20% of professional jobs in software services. The worldwide demand for IT-enabled services is expected to grow dramatically. But while such work covers a range of skills, from data entry and capture, to software programming and systems analysis, women tend to be hired for operations requiring less complex skills (see box). is worth monitoring this gender differential the report warns, the following round of technological changes, for example in the regions of voice recognition and computer image processing, may make some of these skills less saleable in the international market Because of the rise in
e-commerce, such areas as network and data centre management, end-user support and web hosting are getting outsourced. If women will be to boost their share in these services, they'll require more learning Internet skills.
Meanwhile,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], however, teleworking became one of the most popular types of performing outsourced IT operations. It allows women, in particular, to operate either from home or from such institutions as call centres or satellite offices, as needed by the employer. Nevertheless there is no uniform preference for types of telework among women in developing countries, age and stage of life do mould their choices. Younger, less experienced women tend to work in call centres, while older ladies and professional women with children often prefer research, specially when collective childcare is unavailable. Institution-based teleworking is generally a more appealing option both for working mothers with young kids as well as for management, which finds it easier to monitor and supervise employees, the report finds.
Women in both developed and developing countries are clustered within the low-skills end from it work and largely absent from its upper echelons -- and this despite the fact that training policies are in theory gender-neutral. Few women are actual producers of knowledge technology as Internet content providers, web-site designers, software programmers or computer troubleshooters. In america, where 50% of Internet users are women, they comprise 85% of data entry workers and a minority of mid- to upper-level managers. The report finds that after girls and women receive appropriate and sufficiently early education in science, technology, computers and also the Internet, they can actually outperform boys and men. The collective utilization of telephone and Internet facilities will also help women to beat access and infrastructure constraints and reduce the growing digital divide between countries and genders, preventing the cyber sex discrimination warned of by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Mobile telephony and other technology is also narrowing the gaps.
Aside from lacking access to infrastructure and education, insufficient capital is the third key obstacle to women in e-commerce. There's also social and cultural factors to deal with: in certain societies, women have less spare time, do not control family income or assets, receive less education than men and must restrict their presence in public. The predominance of English, which is a sine qua non for most outsourcing from the largest markets, the united states and also the UK, is another barrier,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], pointing towards the importance of women learning English. Simultaneously,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], however, increasing trend towards multilingual content provides a digital opportunity in terms of language translation in software development and in web design in native languages the report says.
Additionally, the major information and communication technology finance industry is now facing a serious shortage of IT skills, using the gap between demand and supply projected to reach 28% by 2004. The labour shortfall is going to be most unfortunate in Latin America (63%),[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Europe, the center East and Africa (40%),[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], then The united states (27%) and Asia/Pacific (12%). The implications are promising for women,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], whose labour force participation rates happen to be rising in developing countries. This means the Internet has got the possibility to a level playing field for women and men based on the report.
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